War of 1861-65.—In proportion to population, Kansas furnished more troops to the Union army during the great Civil war than any other loyal state. This is not surprising when the character of the men who made the state is considered. Most of the pioneers were nurtured in an atmosphere opposed to slavery. When they established their homes in the Territory of Kansas they were compelled to undergo a long struggle with the slave power, and when the slave states attempted to secede from the Union the men of Kansas felt they had an old score to settle—an old wrong to avenge. Under all calls for volunteers from April 15, 1861, to Dec. 19, 1864, the quota of Kansas was 16,654 men, while she furnished 20,097. These volunteers were divided into seven regiments of infantry, nine of cavalry, and three batteries of light artillery. In addition to these organizations there were two regiments of colored infantry and an independent colored battery accredited to the state.

The first infantry was organized under the call of President Lincoln dated May 8, 1861, and was mustered into the U. S. service at Leavenworth on June 3, with the following officers: Col. George W. Deitzler; lieut.-col., Oscar F. Learnard; major, John A. Halderman. Soon after the muster it was ordered to Missouri, marched through Booneville, Springfield and Clinton, and joined Gen. Lyon's forces at Grand river. It took part in the battle of Wilson's creek, Aug. 10, 1861, where it lost in killed and wounded over half the number of men actually engaged, winning the commendation of the Union commanders. The regiment was then employed until the following October in guarding the lines of the Hannibal & St. Joseph and the Missouri Pacific railroads. In Feb., 1862 it was ordered to Fort Leavenworth, where the men received a ten day's furlough, and early in May was ordered to join the army at Pittshurg Landing, Tenn. During the summer it was engaged in opening and guarding the Mobile & Ohio railroad, and in October moved to Corinth, Miss., where it was assigned to the advance in pursuit of the retreating Confederates. On Feb. 1, 1863, it was mounted by order of Gen. Grant, and then employed in the vicinity of Vicksburg, guarding roads, etc. The regiment was mustered out at Fort Leavenworth on June 17, 1864, except the reënlisted men, who had been organized into a veteran battalion at Bovina, Miss., May 28, 1864. This battalion was mustered out at Little Rock, Ark., Aug. 30, 1865. While in the service the First Kansas traveled over 6,000 miles and participated in 30 engagements. The casualties of the regiment amounted to 97 killed, 34 died of wounds, 94 died of disease, and 210 were discharged for disability.

The Second infantry was a three months' regiment organized under the call of April 15, 1861, for 75,000 men. It was mustered in at Kansas City, Mo., June 20, 1861, and was mustered out at Leavenworth on the last day of the following October. Of this regiment Robert B. Mitchell was colonel; Charles W. Blair, lieutenant-colonel; William F. Cloud, major. Immediately after the muster the regiment was ordered to Missouri and joined Sturgis' brigade at Clinton. Early in July it joined the First Kansas and the two regiments were formed into a brigade under command of Col. Deitzler. Subsequently it joined Gen. Lyon's forces and took part in the battle of Wilson's creek. It participated also in engagements at Forsythe, Dug Springs, Paris, Shelbina and Iatan, all in Missouri. The casualties were 5 killed; 8 died of wounds; 1 missing, 2 died of disease, and 7 discharged for disability.

The Second cavalry was the outgrowth of several companies that were organized in Wyandotte and adjoining counties late in the year 1861. These companies were consolidated with Nugent's Missouri home guards, and on March 27, 1862, the regiment was organized as the Second Kansas calvary, with Robert B. Mitchell as colonel; Owen A. Bassett, lieutenant-colonel; Charles W. Blair, major. The main portion of the regiment was mustered out at Little Rock, Ark., April 21, 1865, and the veteran battalion at Fort Gibson, Ind. Ter., June 22, 1865. Its first service was in the Indian Territory. In August it was ordered back to Fort Scott, Kan., where it received orders to assist in the pursuit of Col. Coffey's command. At Coon creek, Mo., Aug. 23, the regiment encountered some of Shelby's men and a sharp skirmish ensued. Later it was engaged at Newtonia, Marysville, and some minor actions, and at old Fort Wayne a portion of the regiment made a brilliant charge, capturing four pieces of artillery. After that most of the service was along the border until the winter of 1863-64, when it moved into Missouri and Arkansas. It formed part of Gen. Steele's expedition to Little Rock, participated in the battles of Cane Hill, Prairie Grove and Cabin creek, and won a reputation for valor, skill in scouting, etc. While in the service the Second cavalry lost 51 killed, 13 died of wounds, 8 were reported missing, 94 died of disease, and 91 were discharged on account of disability.

Two regiments designated as the Third and Fourth were projected in the fall of 1861, but they were consolidated as the Tenth infantry (q. v.) in the spring of 1862.

The organization of the Fifth cavalry was commenced in the summer of 1861. Its active service began in July, when Companies A and F left Fort Leavenworth for Kansas City, Mo., and a few days later joined Col. Weer's expedition to Harrisonville, where Company F lost one man killed. Hampton P. Johnson, who had been selected for the colonel of the Fifth, was killed at Morristown, Mo., Sept. 16, 1861, though the adjutant-general's report gives his name as colonel when the regiment was mustered in at Barnesville, Bourbon county, Dec. 31, 1861. Powell Clayton was the lieutenant-colonel and James H. Summers was major. Early in 1862 the regiment was reorganized and on March 7 Lieut.-Col. Clayton was promoted to the colonelcy. Some time was spent in drilling while in camp at Fort Scott, and in May Col. Clayton led an expedition to destroy forage and other supplies south and west of Helena, Ark. The Fifth participated in the battle of Helena and a number of other engagements, and was engaged in the military operations around Pine Bluff. Lieut. Young of Company L, and Lieut. Greathouse of the First Indiana, were sent with 100 picked men to destroy the bridge at Long View, 40 miles below Camden, and they performed the duty in such a way as to win the praise of their superior officers. After the battle of Camden the greater portion of the duty of the regiment consisted of scouting, picketing roads, guarding railroad lines, etc. A portion of the Fifth was mustered out at Leavenworth on Dec. 2, 1864, and the veterans were mustered out at Devall's Bluff, Ark., June 22, 1865. The casualties of the regiment were 41 killed, 12 died of wounds, 221 died of disease, and 114 were discharged for disability.

Under authority from Gen. Nathaniel Lyon, the work of organizing three companies of cavalry to guard the Kansas border was commenced. It was soon discovered that three companies would not he sufficient and eight were organized and formed into a regiment, which was mustered into the U. S. service as the Sixth Kansas cavalry on Sept. 10, 1861, at Fort Scott. Of this regiment William R. Judson was colonel; Lewis R. Jewell, lieutenant-colonel; and William T. Campbell, major. For several months after its organization the Sixth was kept busy running down and disbanding guerrilla bands along the border, taking part in the actions at Newtonia and old Fort Wayne. In Dec., 1862, it was raised to a full cavalry regiment, after which it was employed in Arkansas and the Indian Territory for the greater part of the time it was in service. Part of the Sixth was with Col. Doubleday's expedition into the Indian country, and the entire regiment was with Col. Weer's expedition into the Cherokee nation. The last service of the regiment was in Arkansas. A portion of it was mustered out on March 22, 1865, at Devall's Bluff, Ark., and the remainder of it at the same place on the 18th of the following July. The regiment lost 76 killed, 19 died of wounds, 5 were reported missing, 123 died of disease, and 118 were discharged for disability. In the adjutant-general's report, the historical sketch of this regiment says "Kansas lost a greater number of men killed in action and died of wounds, in proportion to the number of troops furnished, than any other loyal state—the per cent. being over 61 per 1,000—whilst the Sixth lost a greater number than any other cavalry regiment of Kansas troops, its loss being nearly 80 per 1,000 of the whole number enlisted."

The Seventh cavalry was mustered in at Fort Leavenworth on Oct. 28, 1861, with Charles R. Jennison as colonel; Daniel R. Anthony, lieutenant-colonel; and Thomas P. Herrick, major. While all the Kansas troops were sometimes called "Jayhawkers," the name was especially applied to this regiment, which was usually referred to as "Jennison's Jayhawkers." Jennison resigned on May 1, 1862, and was succeeded by Albert L. Lee, who was promoted to brigadier-general, and when the regiment was mustered out at Fort Leavenworth on Sept. 29, 1865, Thomas P. Herrick was in command, having been promoted to the colonelcy. Immediately after being mustered in the regiment was ordered to Missouri. On Nov. 11, 1861, a detachment under Lieut.-Col. Anthony met and defeated a force of guerrillas under Upton Hays on the Little Blue river. In this action Hays' force outnumbered Anthony's 4 to 1. The winter was spent in western Missouri, and from January to March the regiment was in camp at Humboldt, Kan. It was then ordered to join Gen. Halleck's army at Corinth, Miss., where it was employed for some time in guarding working parties on the Mobile & Ohio railroad. It engaged the enemy at Jacinto, Rienzi and Iuka; took part in the skirmishes at Bear creek and Buzzard Roost; joined Gen. Grant at Grand Junction; was in the fights at Tuscumbia, Town creek, Pontotoc and several minor actions, and was constantly employed in scouting and skirmishing from May 9, 1863, until Jan. 8, 1864. After the men received their veteran furlough the regiment was ordered to Memphis, Tenn., and soon afterward was sent back to Mississippi. It took part in the battle of Tupelo, July 14-15, 1864, then returned to Memphis, and in September was ordered to St. Louis. It was an active participant in the Price raid, after which it was stationed in Nebraska until ordered to Fort Leavenworth for the muster out. The Seventh lost 55 men killed, 9 died of wounds, 161 were discharged for disability, 98 died of disease, and 2 were reported missing.

The Eighth Kansas, an infantry regiment, was mustered in at Lawrence on Sept. 2, 1861, with Henry W. Wessels of the U. S. army as colonel, John A. Martin as lieutenant-colonel, and Edward F. Schneider as major. On Feb. 7, 1862, Col. Wessels was ordered to Washington to assume command of his regiment—the Sixth U. S. infantry—and Lieut.-Col. Martin was promoted to the command of the regiment. On Nov. 1, 1862, he received his commission as colonel. The Eighth was mustered out on Nov. 28, 1865, at San Antonio, Tex., under the command of Lieut.-Col. John Conover. On Feb. 28, 1862, Gen. Hunter issued an order of the reorganization of several Kansas regiments and the Eighth received a battalion that had been organized for service in New Mexico under the command of Col. Robert H. Graham, who commanded the regiment until Col. Martin received his commission. In May, 1862, an order came to send all available troops to Gen. Halleck at Corinth, Miss., and the Eighth was one of the regiments included in the order. Soon after reaching Mississippi the regiment began to liberate and harbor slaves, and Gen. Quinby threatened to muster it out because it was "mutinous, undisciplined and demoralized." Gen. Rosencrans instructed his inspector-general to investigate the matter, and that officer reported the Eighth one of the best regiments in the army. After taking part in the action at Jacinto and the military operations about Eastport, it was ordered to reinforce Gen. Buell in Tennessee. With Buell's army is marched to Louisville, Ky., fought the battles of Perryville and Lancaster, and then returned to Nashville. It participated in the engagements of the Tullahoma campaign, the battle of Chicamauga and the actions about Chattanooga, especially the capture of Brown's ferry, which opened the Tennessee river to navigation and saved the besieged army in Chattanooga. The Eighth was with Sherman on the Atlantic campaign, and in the fall of 1864 returned to Nashville with Gen. Thomas. When Hood's army was so signally defeated, the regiment was ordered to New Orleans and from there to Texas, where it remained until mustered out as above stated. The losses of the Eighth were 62 killed, 25 who died of wounds, 135 who died of disease, 3 were reported missing and 181 were discharged on account of disability.

The Ninth cavalry was mustered in at Leavenworth on March 24, 1862, with Edward Lynde as colonel, Charles S. Clarke as lieutenant-colonel, and James M. Pomeroy as major. This regiment was formed by the consolidation of several independent battalions. Soon after being mustered in Companies A, B, C, G and I were detached and in a little while were scattered over the plains from the Missouri river to the Rocky mountains. Companies D, E, F and H, under Maj. Bancroft, were stationed at Locust Grove in the Cherokee country. In Aug., 1862, Col. Lynde, with a part of the regiment participated in the pursuit of Col. Coffey. In the fall (except the companies on the plains) the regiment was ordered to Sarcoxie, Mo., and was in the fight at Newtonia. Two companies took part in the battles of Cane Hill and Prairie Grove, after which the regiment was ordered back to the border. In time the most of the companies came back from the West, and in March, 1864, Gen. Schofield ordered all Kansas troops back to their own state. Shortly afterward the regiment was consolidated and ordered to join Gen. Banks for the Red River expedition, but the order was changed and it was sent to Arkansas, where it remained until the end of the war. It was mustered out at Devall's Bluff, Ark., part on Jan. 16 and the remainder on July 17, 1865. The casualties of the Ninth amounted to 43 killed, 13 wounded, and 201 who died of disease. During the time the regiment was in service 158 men were discharged on account of disability.

As previously stated, the Tenth infantry was formed by the consolidation of the Third and Fourth regiments, the formation of which was commenced in the fall of 1861. James Montgomery of border war fame was colonel of the Third and William Weer of the Fourth. When the two were united to form the Tenth on April 3, 1862, Willam F. Cloud was made colonel; James G. Blunt, lieutenant-colonel; and Otis B. Gunn, major. In the following August it took part in the pursuit of Coffey and Cockrell; was at Newtonia; in the military movements about Pea Ridge and Bentonville, Ark.; took part in the battles of old Fort Wayne, Cane Hill and Prairie Grove, where Col. Weer commanded the brigade, after which it moved to Van Buren, Ark. In the summer of 1863 it was sent to Indiana to intercept the Confederate Gen. Morgan, Company I remaining on provost duty at St. Louis. From Indianapolis it returned to Kansas City, where Company I rejoined the command. The regiment remained in Kansas until in September, when it was ordered to the Sni Hills in Missouri to aid in breaking up the guerrilla gangs that infested that region. On Aug. 14, 1864, the reënlisted men were formed into a veteran battalion at St. Louis and the remainder of the regiment was ordered to Leavenworth, where it was mustered out on the 24th. The veteran battalion was then ordered to Nashville, Tenn., where it joined the Army of the Cumberland under Gen. Thomas. It was engaged at Columbia and Franklin, and after the battle of Nashville in December participated in the pursuit of Hood's shattered army. The Tenth was on duty in Mississippi and Alabama until the end of the war, taking part in the siege of Mobile and the storming of Fort Blakely. The battalion was mustered out at Montgomery, Ala., Aug. 30, 1865, the men returned to Kansas, where they paid and discharged on Sept. 20. Considering the arduous service in which it was engaged, the losses of the Tenth were comparatively light, having 15 men killed and 10 who died of wounds, though 122 died of disease and 84 were discharged for disability.

The Eleventh Kansas was a cavalry regiment which was organized under the call of July 2, 1862, when the war department authorized James H. Lane to recruit a regiment. Lane transferred the authority to Thomas Ewing, Jr., chief justice of the Kansas supreme court, and the regiment was mustered in at Fort Leavenworth on Sept. 15, 1862, with Thomas Ewing, Jr., as colonel; Thomas Moonlight as lieutenant-colonel, and Preston B. Plumb as major. It remained in camp until after the second battle of Newtonia, when it was ordered to join the Army of the Frontier, then commanded by Gen. Blunt, in pursuit of the enemy. Arms had not yet been received, but at Fort Leavenworth were a number of old-fashioned Prussian muskets of large caliber and heavier than the Enfield rifles, and these were issued to the men. Leaving Leavenworth on Oct. 4, the Eleventh moved to Pea Ridge, Ark., where it was assigned to Cloud's brigade of Blunt's division. After a double-quick march of 6 miles, it arrived at old Fort Wayne just at the close of the fight, but it was subsequently engaged at the Boston mountains, Cane Hill, Prairie Grove and a number of minor skirmishes in Arkansas. In April, 1863, it was ordered back to Kansas City and the following year, under command of Col. Moonlight, it took part in the Price raid. It was then ordered to Fort Kearney and later to Fort Laramie to join the expedition against the Sioux Indians in the Powder river country: It was then employed in guarding the overland stage line until mustered out on Aug. 19 and Sept 26, 1865, at Fort Leavenworth. The casualties of the regiment were 56 killed, 9 died of wounds, 103 died of disease, 107 were discharged for disability, and 2 were reported missing. In some of the reports this regiment is mentioned as an infantry organization, due probably to the fact that it was originally intended as such, but was converted into a cavalry regiment.

The Twelfth infantry was organized under authority issued to C. W. Adams of Lawrence in Aug., 1862. Within six weeks the regiment was complete. It was mustered in at Paola on Sept. 30, 1862, and was officered as follows: Col. Charles W. Adams; Lieut.-Col. Josiah E. Hayes; Maj., Thomas H. Kennedy. The regiment was immediately divided into detachments and stationed at various points along the state line, engaged in scouting after bushwhackers. It was at Baxter Springs on Oct. 8, 1863, and after that engagement Company H was assigned to duty on the plains until the following February, when the regiment was ordered to Fort Smith, Ark., where it was assigned to Thayer's division to take part in Gen. Steele's movement on Little Rock. The Twelfth remained in Arkansas until mustered out at Little Rock on June 30, 1865. The losses of this regiment were 13 killed, 1 died of wounds, 113 of disease, 82 were discharged on account of disability, and 1 was reported mising.[sic]

The Thirteenth infantry was mustered in at Atchison on Sept. 30, 1862, with Thomas M. Bowen as colonel; John B. Wheeler, lieutenant-colonel; and Caleb A. Woodworth, major. Early in October it joined the forces under Gen. Blunt. It fought at old Fort Wayne, Cane Hill, Prairie Grove, Van Buren, and in a number of skirmishes in Arkansas, and in Jan., 1863, moved to Springfield, Mo. In May it was ordered to Fort Scott, Kan., where it remained until August, when it again took the field against Cabell, Cooper and Stand Waitie in the Indian Territory. On March 3, 1865, it was ordered to Little Rock, Ark., where it remained on provost and garrison duty until mustered out on June 26, 1865, when the men returned to Kansas, where they were paid and discharged. This regiment lost 15 killed, 8 died of wounds, 105 of disease, and 156 were discharged for disability.

The Fourteenth cavalry was mustered in at Fort Scott on Nov. 20, 1863. Charles W. Blair was commissioned colonel; John G. Brown, lieutenant-colonel; and Daniel H. David, major. The order which led to the formation of this regiment came from the war department to Gen. Blunt in the spring of 1863, and was for a battalion, which was recruited to a full regiment. The same day it was mustered in orders were received to move at once to Fort Smith, Ark., where it was assigned to Thayer's division of Gen. Steele's expedition to Little Rock and Camden, Ark. After that movement it was assigned to duty at Clarksville, Pine Bluff, and other Arkansas points until May, 1865, when it moved to Fort Gibson and was there mustered out on June 25, 1865. The Fourteenth lost 49 killed, 2 died of wounds, 108 of diseases, 49 were discharged for disability, and 8 were reported missing.

Almost immediately after the Quantrill raid on Lawrence in Aug., 1863, Gov. Carney began the work of organizing a cavalry force for the protection of the border. The result was the Fifteenth cavalry, which was mustered into the U. S. service on Oct. 17, 1863, with Charles R. Jennison as colonel; George H. Hoyt, lieutenant-colonel; and Robert H. Hunt, major. Jennison was afterward succeeded by W. F. Cloud; Hoyt by H. C. Haas; and Hunt by B. F. Simpson. The regiment operated along the line between Kansas and Missouri, imperfectly armed, until in Feb., 1864, when it received new arms and took part in the Price raid the succeeding autumn. It was in the action at Westport and the battles of the Big and Little Blue. The losses of the regiment were 12 killed, 9 died of wounds, 79 of disease, and 144 were discharged for disability.

On Oct. 8, 1864, the Sixteenth cavalry was mustered in at Fort Leavenworth, just in time to aid in repelling the invasion of Gen. Price. Werter R. Davis was commissioned colonel; Samuel Walker, lieutenant-colonel; and James A. Price, major. After the Price raid a part of the regiment was sent against the Indians on the plains, the remainder being used to patrol the border. The Sixteenth was mustered out at Fort Leavenworth on Dec. 6, 1865, having lost 10 killed, 4 who died of wounds, 94 who died of disease, 50 were discharged on account of disability, and 2 were among the missing.

The Seventeenth infantry was organized for the 100 days' service and was mustered in at Fort Leavenworth on July 8, 1864, under command of Lieut.-Col. Samuel A. Drake. The records in the adjutant-general's office do not show the nature of the service it performed, its casualties, nor the date of its muster out.

The first colored infantry was mustered in on May 2, 1863, at Fort Scott. The officers were as follows: Colonel, James W. Williams; lieutenant-colonel, John Bowles; major, Richard G. Ward. It served most of the time in Arkansas, forming part of Gen. Steele's expedition, and was mustered out at Pine Bluff, Ark., Oct. 1, 1865. Of all the Kansas regiments this one suffered the heaviest losses, having 160 men killed, 10 died of wounds, 166 of disease, and 67 were discharged on account of disability.

On Nov. 1, 1863, the Second colored infantry was mustered in at Fort Scott and was officered by Samuel J. Crawford as colonel; Horatio Knowles, lieutenant-colonel; and James H. Gilpatrick, major. Like the First, most of its services was in Arkansas. It was mustered out at Camden, Ark., Oct. 9, 1865. The casualties of this regiment amounted to 23 killed, 16 died of wounds, 1 reported missing, 29 discharged for disability, and 187 who died of disease.

The First battery was mustered in at Mound City on July 24, 1861, with Thomas Bickerton as captain; Norman Allen, first lieutenant; and Hartson R. Brown, second lieutenant. It took part in the battle of Prairie Grove; operated around St. Louis; was engaged in the pursuit of Gen. Morgan on his raid through Indiana in the summer of 1863; and then served in the Army of the Tennessee and the Army of Mississippi until the close of the war. It lost 3 men killed, 2 who died of wounds, 21 of disease, and 20 were discharged for disability. The battery was mustered out at Fort Leavenworth on July 17, 1865.

The Second battery was mustered in at Fort Scott on Sept. 10, 1862, and was mustered out at Leavenworth on Aug. 11, 1865. When it entered the U. S. service it was officered as follows: Edward A. Smith, captain; David C. Knowles, first lieutenant; Andrew G. Clark and Aristarchus Wilson, second lieutenants. It participated in the compaigns in Arkansas and Missouri, sometimes as an entire battery and sometimes divided into sections. In May, 1863, it was reorganized at Fort Scott by order of Gen. Blunt, after which one section was stationed at Baxter Springs, Kan., and another section was left at Fort Scott. The third section then took part in the military operations in the Cherokee nation, being particularly effective in the engagement at Honey Springs. In April, 1865, the Third battery was added to the Second, and the consolidated battery was mustered out as above stated. The losses of the Second were killed, 15 died of disease, and 6 were discharged for disability.

The Third battery was originally recruited as a cavalry company by Henry Hopkins and John F. Aduddell, and was mustered into the U. S. service as Company B, Second Kansas cavalry. After the capture of the Confederate guns at old Fort Wayne in Oct., 1862, the company was detached from the regiment and mustered in as a battery to man the captured guns. Henry Hopkins was captain; John F. Aduddell, first lieutenant; and Oscar F. Dunlap, second lieutenant. It was engaged in the battles of Boston mountains, Cane Hill and Prairie Grove. The original members were mustered out on Jan. 19, 1865, and the veterans were assigned to the Second Kansas battery. The Third lost 5 killed, 1 missing, 17 died of disease, and 7 discharged for disability.

The independent colored battery was mustered in at Fort Leavenworth on Jan. 1, 1865, and was mustered out at the same place on the 22nd of the following July. It saw no active service in the field. There were also three Indian regiments accredited to Kansas. (See Indian Brigade.) During the early years of the war guerrilla raids into Kansas were frequent (see Guerrillas and Quantrill's Raid), but the event which caused the greatest excitement in the state was the

In Sept., 1864, Confederate Gen. Sterling Price, with an army of from 5,000 to 10,000 men, started from Arkansas to march through Missouri and into Kansas. In Missouri he formed a junction with the commands of Gens. Marmaduke and Shelby, and there were other additions to his force until it numbered 15,000 men or more. Gen. W. S. Rosecrans was in command of the Union troops at St. Louis, and Gen. Ewing was in command of the southeast district of Missouri. The latter engaged Marmaduke at Pilot Knob On Sept. 26. His command numbered about 1,000 men, with 13 pieces of artillery, and Marmaduke's strength was at least three times as great. During the night Ewing managed to extricate himself from a perilous position and fell back to Harrison, where he was surrounded the next day and retreated to Rolla.

It began to look as if Price would sweep everything before him. Gen. Samuel R. Curtis, commanding the Department of Kansas, which included the states of Kansas, Nebraska and Colorado, had less than 5,000 men, and they were scattered over the entire district guarding frontier settlements and the overland mail routes. When news of the threatened invasion reached Kansas, Curtis was in Nebraska, Gen. Blunt was west of Fort Larned, and Gen. Sykes was in command of the district of southern Kansas with headquarters at Lawrence. Curtis hurried to Fort Leavenworth recalled Blunt from the west, and began preparations for the defense of the Kansas border. On Sept. 24 he notified Gov. Carney of Price's advance and requested him to call out the militia. A telegraph from Gen. Rosecrans on Oct. 2 advised Curtis that Price's army was at Washington, Mo., 70 miles west of St. Louis, and rapidly moving westward. On the 8th the governor issued his proclamation calling out the militia, and the next day Curtis issued an order calling all troops in the department to the border in order to resist Price's advance. Gen. Blunt arrived that day at Olathe and relieved Gen. Sykes. By the 11th, pursuant to orders issued by Gen. George W. Deitzler, commanding the militia, some 12,600 of the state troops were assembled at Atchison, Olathe, Paola, Mound City, Fort Scott and Wyandotte, more than one-half of them being mobilized at Olathe.

In the meantime Gen. Alfred Pleasonton had taken command at Jefferson City on the 8th and had sent Gen. John B. Sanborn with 4,100 mounted men to follow Price. On the 14th Blunt moved to Hickman's Mills, Mo., with three brigades commanded by Cols. Jennison, Moonlight and Blair. Price was now between two armies. In the rear were Rosecrans and Pleasonton in close pursuit, while in front were Curtis' army and the Kansas militia waiting to give him a warm reception. Gen. Blunt moved to Lexington, where he engaged Price's advance guard on the 19th and fell back to Independence, Moonlight's brigade being forced back to the Little Blue river. Here Blunt's whole force was engaged on the 20th against ten times its number and fell back in good order to the Big Blue, where another engagement was fought on the 22nd, resulting in a decisive Union victory. Pleasonton and Sanborn joined Blunt that night and occupied Independence, Price's army resting near Westport.

The citizens of Kansas had responded nobly to Gov. Carney's call, and on Oct. 23 some 20,000 of them were under arms. That day was fought the battle of Westport, which ended in a complete defeat of the Confederates. On the 24th Price crossed the state line into Kansas and that night encamped near Trading Post, Linn county, on the Marais des Cygnes, where his men committed a number of outrages, murdering old and unarmed men, robbing women and children of their food, and wantonly destroying property. Early on the morning of the 25th the enemy was driven from his camp at Trading Post and across the ford, leaving behind the sick and wounded.

Price, Fagan and Marmaduke, with some 15,000 men, formed a line of battle on the north bank of Mine creek soon after evacuating Trading Post, and Curtis was reinforced by Cols. Crawford and Blair. In the engagement that followed the Confederates were again ingloriously defeated, Gens. Marmaduke, Cabell, Graham and Slemmon, with about 800 men and 9 pieces of artillery, being captured. (See Mine Creek.)

This practically ended the raid. Price was vigorously pursued and another victory was won at the crossing of the Osage river on the 25th. Three days later occurred the battle of Newtonia, after which Price retreated precipitately beyond the Arkansas river. Gov. Carney issued orders on the 27th for the militia to return to their homes, but the volunteer troops followed Price to the Arkansas river, where the pursuit ended. Claims aggregating several hundred thousand dollars were filed for services rendered and losses sustained during the Price raid, and some of these claims were still unsettled in 1911. (See Claims.)